上一次給大家詳細(xì)介紹了APA論文的引用格式，這一次選了另外兩種英文論文格式：MLA（全稱Modern Language Association of America，國際通用）和CMS即Chicago System（全稱The Chicago Manual of Style，簡略版被稱作Turabian 格式），繼續(xù)為大家講解。

MLA格式

MLA，即美國現(xiàn)代語言協(xié)會制定的論文指導(dǎo)格式，同時也是北美大學(xué)英文論文寫作最常用的一種參考文獻(xiàn)格式，在一般書寫英語論文時應(yīng)當(dāng)使用MLA格式來保證學(xué)術(shù)著作的完整。目前已經(jīng)出了第8版。相比APA，CMS等格式來說，MLA論文格式更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，更加常用。

MLA 參考文獻(xiàn)格式主要分有兩種類型的文獻(xiàn)，Print （書籍和期刊）和Web (網(wǎng)頁引用內(nèi)容)，這些都必須要在文末的Works Cited中標(biāo)注出來。另外，每條引用條目還需要次行縮進(jìn)。

1.文內(nèi)引用時，MLA格式使用的是“作者姓+頁碼”的組合，與Harvard文獻(xiàn)格式以及APA文獻(xiàn)格式都有很大的不同。

例：Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

2、如果引用的材料存在多個作者（人數(shù)超出三人）的情況，MLA格式需要使用“et al.”的縮略寫法。

1)引用作者人數(shù)未超過三人：

例：The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).

Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).

2)引用作者人數(shù)超過三人：

例：According to Franck et al, “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).

The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).

3、如果引用同一個作者的不同文獻(xiàn)，則在文內(nèi)引用中需要加上文獻(xiàn)的名稱。

1）同一作者的兩篇文章：

例：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child’s second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

2）同一作者的兩本書：

例：Murray states that writing is “a process” that “varies with our thinking style” (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to “carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another” (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).

4、書籍引用，Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

例：Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.

5、期刊引用，Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, pages.

例：Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

6、網(wǎng)頁引用，Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

例：Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

7、接受使用作者的化名來替代作者的真實(shí)姓名。

例：“Generation X went from the most successful in terms of homeownership rates in 2004 to the least successful by 2015.” Twitter, 8 Apr. 2016, 4:30 p.m., twitter.com/WSJ/status/718532887830753280

8、引用期刊時，需要加上vol.和no.來表示期刊的期刊數(shù)和卷號。

例：MLA 8th 引用期刊：Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo, vol. 24, no. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 620-26.

MLA 7th 引用期刊：Kinkaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo 24.2 (Spring 2001): 620-26. Web.

9、在引用網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息時，需要包含網(wǎng)站鏈接。

在之前的MLA格式要求中，對網(wǎng)站鏈接沒有明確的規(guī)定。但是在MLA第八版本中，明確指出了需要包含網(wǎng)站鏈接。即使網(wǎng)站信息更新了，讀者也可以通過鏈接找到相關(guān)的信息。注意在引用URL時不需要包括 “http://” 或者“https://”。

10、 在引用期刊或者是網(wǎng)站時，可以省略出版信息。

MLA第八版本在引用書籍時，省略了出版城市。只有在不同國家/地區(qū)發(fā)行的版本不同時，才需要在引用中指出出版的城市。

例：MLA 8th 引用書籍

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.

MLA 7th 引用書籍

Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.

好了，關(guān)于MLA格式的內(nèi)容就這么多了，希望大家都能順利完成論文。如果各位同學(xué)在實(shí)際操作中還是會遇到難題，比如對論文寫作還是很迷茫，上課聽不懂，掛科了需要申訴等，可以點(diǎn)擊下方人工客服咨詢我們噢，海馬課堂從根本上解決留學(xué)生課業(yè)難題，助力各位留學(xué)生高分留學(xué)！